Determination of surface-induced platelet activation by applying time-dependency dissipation factor versus frequency using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation

Platelet adhesion and activation rates are frequently used to assess the thrombogenicity of biomaterials, which is a crucial step for the development of blood-contacting devices. Until now, electron and confocal microscopes have been used to investigate platelet activation but they failed to characterize this activation quantitatively and in real time. In order to overcome these limitations, quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) was employed and an explicit time scale introduced in the dissipation versus frequency plots (Df–t) provided us with quantitative data at different stages of platelet activation. The QCM-D chips were coated with thrombogenic and non-thrombogenic model proteins to develop the methodology, further extended to investigate polymer thrombogenicity. Electron microscopy and immunofluorescence labelling were used to validate the QCM-D data and confirmed the relevance of Df–t plots to discriminate the activation rate among protein-modified surfaces. The responses showed the predominant role of surface hydrophobicity and roughness towards platelet activation and thereby towards polymer thrombogenicity. Modelling experimental data obtained with QCM-D with a Matlab code allowed us to define the rate at which mass change occurs (A/B), to obtain an A/B value for each polymer and correlate this value with polymer thrombogenicity.