Transformer fluids

Historically, the standard fluids used in transformers were low-viscosity, petroleum-based oils. For many years, askarels, made up of a group of synthetic, fire-resistant fluids, were used in applications where flammable mineral oils were not desired or acceptable. These askarals, which were aromatic hydrocarbons known as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), fell into disfavor owing to environmental concerns. The transformer industry turned first to dimethyl silicone fluids and then to less flammable hydrocarbons, such as high-molecular-weight, high-temperature hydrocarbons. Tetrachloroethylene (C₂Cl₄) is another nonflammable transformer fluid that has been introduced commercially. Chlorofluorocarbons and synthetic hydrocarbons have also been used as transformer fluids. The characteristics and properties of the various materials that have been used for cooling transformers are discussed