Biodiesel production from vegetable oil using heterogenous acid and alkali catalyst |
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Authors: | Junhua Zhang Shangxing Chen Yuanyuan Yan |
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Affiliation: | a College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China b College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China |
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Abstract: | Zanthoxylum bungeanum seed oil (ZSO) with high free fatty acids (FFA) can be used for biodiesel production by ferric sulfate-catalyzed esterification followed by transesterification using calcium oxide (CaO) as an alkaline catalyst. Acid value of ZSO with high FFA can be reduced to less than 2 mg KOH/g by one-step esterification with methanol-to-FFA molar ratio 40.91:1, ferric sulfate 9.75% (based on the weight of FFA), reaction temperature 95 °C and reaction time 2 h, which satisfies transesterification using an alkaline catalyst. The response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the conditions for ZSO biodiesel production using CaO as a catalyst. A quadratic polynomial equation was obtained for biodiesel conversion by multiple regression analysis and verification experiments confirmed the validity of the predicted model. The optimum combination for transesterification was methanol-to-oil molar ratio 11.69:1, catalyst amount 2.52%, and reaction time 2.45 h. At this optimum condition, the conversion to biodiesel reached above 96%. This study provided a practical method to biodiesel production from raw feedstocks with high FFA with high reaction rate, less corrosion, less toxicity, and less environmental problems. |
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Keywords: | ANOVA analysis of variance CaO calcium oxide FFA free fatty acids RSM response surface methodology ZSO Zanthoxylum bungeanum seed oil |
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