Palm oil transesterification in sub- and supercritical methanol with heterogeneous base catalyst |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, WR. Supratman University, Surabaya 6011 Indonesia;2. Chemical Engineering Department, Industrial Technology Faculty, Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology, Surabaya 60111 Indonesia;3. Department of Chemical Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan;1. Department of Dental Research, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, PR China;2. National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China;3. Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401147, PR China;4. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China;5. Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650031, PR China;1. University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;2. Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;3. Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;4. Department of Biology, CIBIO – Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal;5. Department of Biology and Environment – CITAB, Botanical Garden and Herbarium, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;6. Evolution, Taxonomy and Conservation Group (ECOMED), Department of Botany, University of Salamanca, E-37008 Salamanca, Spain;1. Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria en Ingeniería y Tecnologías Avanzadas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. I.P.N. 2580, Col. Barrio La Laguna Ticomán, 07340 Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México, Mexico;2. Centro Mexicano para la Producción más Limpia, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Acueducto s/n, Col. La Laguna Ticomán, Ciudad de México 07340, Mexico;3. Laboratorio Nacional de Desarrollo y Aseguramiento de la Calidad de Biocombustibles (LaNDACBio), Ciudad de México, Mexico;1. GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, Wavre 1300, Belgium;1. School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Seri Ampangan, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia;2. Department of Petrochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, 31900 Kampar, Perak, Malaysia;1. Production Engineering Department, Dwarkadas J. Sanghvi College of Engineering, Vile Parle (w), Mumbai – 400 056, India;2. Mechanical Engineering Department, Dwarkadas J. Sanghvi College of Engineering, Vile Parle (w), Mumbai – 400 056, India |
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| Abstract: | An environmentally benign process for the production of methyl ester using γ-alumina supported heterogeneous base catalyst in sub- and supercritical methanol has been developed. The production of methyl ester in refluxed methanol conventionally utilized double promoted γ-alumina heterogeneous base catalyst (CaO/KI/γ-alumina); however, this process requires a large amount of catalyst and a long reaction time to produce a high yield of methyl ester. This study carries out methyl ester production in sub- and supercritical methanol with the introduction of an optimized catalyst used in the previous work for the purpose of improving the process and enhancing efficiency. CaO/KI/γ-Al2O3 catalyst was prepared by precipitation and impregnation methods. The effects of catalyst amount, reaction temperature, reaction time, and the ratio of oil to methanol on the yield of biodiesel ester were studied. The reaction was carried out in a batch reactor (8.8 ml capacity, stainless steel, AKICO, Japan). Results show that the use of CaO/KI/γ-Al2O3 catalyst effectively reduces both reaction time and required catalyst amount. The optimum process conditions were at a temperature of 290 °C, ratio of oil to methanol of 1:24, and a catalyst amount of 3% over 60 min of reaction time. The highest yield of biodiesel obtained under these optimum conditions was almost 95%. |
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| Keywords: | Biodiesel Heterogeneous base catalyst Palm oil Sub- and supercritical Transesterification |
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