Nanodiamonds and Their Applications in Cells |
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Authors: | Mayeul Chipaux Kiran J. van der Laan Simon R. Hemelaar Masoumeh Hasani Tingting Zheng Romana Schirhagl |
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Affiliation: | 1. University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, AW, Groningen, The Netherlands;2. Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu‐Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran;3. Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Drug Addiction and Medication Safety, Department of Ultrasound, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital & Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen‐PKU‐HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen, China |
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Abstract: | Diamonds owe their fame to a unique set of outstanding properties. They combine a high refractive index, hardness, great stability and inertness, and low electrical but high thermal conductivity. Diamond defects have recently attracted a lot of attention. Given this unique list of properties, it is not surprising that diamond nanoparticles are utilized for numerous applications. Due to their hardness, they are routinely used as abrasives. Their small and uniform size qualifies them as attractive carriers for drug delivery. The stable fluorescence of diamond defects allows their use as stable single photon sources or biolabels. The magnetic properties of the defects make them stable spin qubits in quantum information. This property also allows their use as a sensor for temperature, magnetic fields, electric fields, or strain. This Review focuses on applications in cells. Different diamond materials and the special requirements for the respective applications are discussed. Methods to chemically modify the surface of diamonds and the different hurdles one has to overcome when working with cells, such as entering the cells and biocompatibility, are described. Finally, the recent developments and applications in labeling, sensing, drug delivery, theranostics, antibiotics, and tissue engineering are critically discussed. |
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Keywords: | cell biology cells nanodiamonds NV centers uptake in cells |
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