The effects of excitotoxicity on the expression of the amyloid precursor protein gene in the brain and its modulation by neuroprotective agents

This work has explored the relationship between excitotoxicity and the amyloid precursor protein gene (APP) which may be relevant to future therapeutic developments in Alzheimer's disease. The excitotoxic effects of kainic acid (KA) and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) have been compared and contrasted on the two major mRNA isoforms of APP using in situ hybridization and quantitative analysis of gene expression in rat brain. The Kunitz Protease Inhibitor containing isoform APP 770 KPI+, the major glial cell isoform, has been shown to be stimulated after KA and was related to neuronal loss and astrocyte activation as gauged by GFAP mRNA. This was associated with reduced expression of APP695 KPI- isoform, the major neuronal isoform. These changes were not observed after PTZ where there was no neuronal loss and no glial reaction. The KA induced changes in APP were prevented by pretreatment with the non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist dizocilpine and the barbiturate pentobarbitone, but not with the kappa-opioid receptor agonist enadoline. These findings were related to the suppression of seizures and the survival of neurons. In conclusion, excitotoxic stimulation leading to neuronal death was associated with increased expression of APP KPI+ mRNA and decreased APP KPI- mRNA, a finding which may relate to the plasticity of the central nervous system.