An agro-economic analysis of willow cultivation in Poland |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Environmental and Energy Systems Studies, Lund Institute of Technology, Gerdagatan 13, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden;2. EC Baltic Renewable Energy Centre (ECBREC), Institute for Building, Mechanization and Electrification of Agriculture, Rakowiecka PL-32 02-532 Warsaw, Poland;1. Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1304 West Pennsylvania Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, United States;2. Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1102 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, United States;3. Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 905 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, United States;4. Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, United States;1. Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic;2. Fraunhofer-Institut für Holzforschung – Wilhelm-Klauditz-Institut, Bienroder Weg 54E, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany;3. Institute for Natural Materials Technology, IFA Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria;4. Institute for Wood Technology and Renewable Materials, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria;1. INFN – Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, via E. Fermi, 40, I 00044 Frascati, Roma, Italy;2. ENEA – Centro Ricerche Frascati, via E. Fermi, 45, I 00044 Frascati, Roma, Italy;3. Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, P.O. Box 66318, BR 05315-970 São Paulo, SP, Brazil;4. H. Niewodniczański Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Eljasza-Radzikowskiego 152, PL 31342 Kraków, Poland;5. Sorbonne Universités, Laboratoire de Physique Théorique de la Matière Condensée (LPTMC), Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS UMR 7600, Tour 13 – 5ième ét., Boîte Courrier 121, 4 place Jussieu, F 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France;1. Department of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden;2. Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden;1. Department of Agrotechnology and Agribusiness, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 8, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland;2. Institute of Agroecology and Plant Production, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Grunwaldzki Square 24 A, 50-363, Wrocław, Poland |
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| Abstract: | Bioenergy is recognized as the most important renewable energy source in Poland in several national policy documents. This has spurred an in increasing interest in energy crops, particularly willow, due to the large areas of arable land in Poland. However, in order for willow to be adopted by farmers, this crop must be perceived to be at least as profitable as cereal crops, such as wheat and barley, which compete for the same land. The objective of this study was to calculate the economics of growing willow on relatively large farms from a farmer's perspective in Poland. An additional objective was to relate the viability of growing willow to that of growing wheat and barley. Our calculations show that growing willow can indeed be an economically viable alternative to wheat and barley. At the current Polish price of wood chips (about 33 PLN/MWh or 7.5 €/MWh), the viability of willow is similar to that of barley given our assumptions on yields, etc. Wheat is the most viable crop of the three crops studied. Willow, however, is more profitable than both wheat and barley assuming a wood chip price of 50 PLN/MWh (11 €/MWh), which better represents the price in Europe as a whole. Despite good viability, willow is unlikely to be adopted by a great number of farmers without active support mechanisms and long-term stability of the status of energy crops in the Polish and the EU common agricultural policy. |
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