Water quality protection in bioenergy production: the US system of forestry Best Management Practices |
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| Affiliation: | 1. USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Forest Inventory and Analysis, 1992 Folwell Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, United States;2. Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 1980 Folwell Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, United States;3. Division of Forestry, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, 1201 E. Hwy. #2, Grand Rapids, MN 55744, United States;1. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931, USA;2. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Michigan Tech Transportation Institute, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931, USA;3. Operations Manager/Senior Research Engineer, Sustainable Futures Institute, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931, USA;1. Energy & Resources, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands;2. Energy and Sustainability Research Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborg 4, NL-9747 AC Groningen, The Netherlands;1. Oxford Long-term Ecology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom;2. Oxford Systematic Reviews LLP, United Kingdom;1. Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du P.E.P.S., P.O. Box 10380, Stn. Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC G1V 4C7, Canada;2. Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, BC V8Z 1M5, Canada;3. Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources, 664 Prince Street, P.O. Box 68, Truro, NS B2N 5B8, Canada;4. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Centre for Northern Forest Ecosystem Research, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada;5. British Columbia Ministry of Forests and Range, Kamloops Forest District, 1265 Dalhousie Drive, Kamloops, BC V2C 5Z5, Canada;1. Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, 2500 Chemin de Polytechnique, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada;2. Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, 11 Innovation Blvd, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 3H5, Canada;3. Water Security Agency, 2365 Albert St #420, Regina, SK, S4P 4K1, Canada |
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| Abstract: | United States federal law requires that states operate programs to address non-point source pollution. Forestry non-point source programs vary among states in their approach. Some states have laws that prescribe mandatory practices to control pollution, whereas other states use voluntary approaches of Best Management Practices (BMPs) and education and outreach programs. States routinely monitor the extent of BMP implementation so as to improve educational programs and thus improve implementation. Many states also have conducted studies to assess whether BMPs are effective in protecting water quality. A growing body of literature strongly suggests that properly implemented BMPs do protect water quality. A variety of private efforts, ranging from forestry certification systems to research support, are improving BMP implementation and effectiveness. BMPs developed for conventional forestry should be applicable to bioenergy systems. Bioenergy systems may include more frequent fertilization than conventional forestry, so managers must ensure that existing BMPs on fertilization and riparian management zones be fully implemented. Bioenergy systems using short-rotation woody crops will need careful implementation of BMPs for permanent roads and stream crossings. |
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