Differential Display of Investigative Behavior Permits Discrimination of Scent Signatures from Familiar and Unfamiliar Socially Dominant Female Marmoset Monkeys (Callithrix jacchus)

The hypothesis was tested that marmosets have differential displays of investigatory behavior towards circumgenital scent marks from socially dominant females based on degree of familiarity. In a series of two-choice behavioral discrimination bioassays, dominant males together with subordinate and dominant females were presented concurrently with scent secretions from familiar versus unfamiliar dominant females, and their investigative behaviors towards the scent were recorded. Test animals directed significantly different amounts of investigative behaviors towards familiar versus unfamiliar scents when the scent stimuli involved complete circumgenital scent marks, glandular secretion only, or urine only. When animals discriminated between the two scent samples, they did so by directing significantly increased amounts of behavior to scent from unfamiliar females. Chemical cues promoting differential displays of behavior to familiar versus unfamiliar scents appeared to be volatile in nature and were effective in the scent mark for at least one day following deposition. The reliable ability of marmosets to consistently discriminate between odors from familiar versus unfamiliar dominant females provides strong circumstantial evidence that individual female marmosets have distinct chemical signatures. The ability of marmosets to discriminate the odor from familiar versus unfamiliar dominant females may be important in the context of intergroup relations.