A functional basis for engineering design: Reconciling and evolving previous efforts

The main objective of this research is to develop a structured methodology to formulate end-of-life strategies, while still encouraging creative thinking. Current practices encourage general rules for a wide variety of products. This research identifies key characteristics that influence appropriate end-of-life strategies, in contrast to the "one-size-fits-all" approach. The research results are divided into two core sections. First, the methodology determines what end-of-life strategy is possible according to the products' technical characteristics. Second, the classification of end-of-life strategies is compared with current industry practice, in order to evaluate and validate the method. The software developed, called the End-of-Life Design Advisor (ELDA), guides product developers to specify appropriate end-of-life strategies. The ability to classify end-of-life strategies enables designers to redesign products that move to end-of-life strategies with lower environmental impact. This paper presents recommendations for designers and product managers for specific end-of-life strategies. By understanding better the end-of-life strategy appropriate for the product, the research results can help designers develop appropriate (and profitable) end-of-life strategies for their unique position, systematically. Putting ELDA results into perspective establishes that improvements in end-of-life are either through design innovation or value chain improvement. Revision received: 23 May 2001 Electronic Publication