Heterotrophic bacteria in water distribution systems. I. Spatial and temporal variation

The drinking water distribution system of the city of Metz in France was sampled intensively during six, monthly surveys which were designed to determine the spatial and temporal distribution of total heterotrophic bacteria in the network. A non-hierarchical nearest-centroid clustering method was used for dividing the water distribution system into zones corresponding to different levels of bacterial density. The general pattern of the spatial heterogeneity showed a high degree of reproducibility. Since the frequency distribution of total heterotrophic bacteria within the zones was compatible with the negative binomial distribution, the water distribution system studied may be considered as being composed of several heterogeneous subsystems. The consistency of this structured spatial dispersion pattern of bacteria in light of some physical and chemical characteristics of the system is evident. In consideration of the principal features of flow in the system relevant to the layout of water mains, the location of zones of highest bacterial concentrations have been attributed to lower levels of chlorine residuals and prolonged retention time of the water in the network, especially in the storage units, before reaching the various distribution areas. Although the monthly variation in the bacterial concentration of the entire system showed a marked increase which was concomitant with warmest water temperatures, the zones were subject to noticeable discrepancies in the range of temporal variation.