电化学提锂技术中电极材料和电极体系的研究进展

锂及其化合物具有广泛的应用前景，锂资源需求越来越大，因此，开发能实现高储量、低品位的（浓）海水/卤水锂资源高效提取的方法具有重要意义。近年来，电化学提锂技术因其高选择性、低能耗和环境友好等特点而成为研究热点。本文针对电化学提锂技术中锂吸附电极材料的选择/制备和电极体系构建两方面的研究进展进行了归纳分析。在锂吸附电极材料的选择/制备上，基于高锂离子选择性的LiFePO₄、LiMn₂O₄和LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂电极被逐渐开发应用。在电极体系构建上，与具有阴离子可逆交换性能的AgCl、ZnCl₂和聚吡咯对电极所构成的电极体系可避免副反应发生，能耗较低；不含其他对电极材料的“摇椅式”结构电极体系可降低电极成本，提高提锂效率。此外，指出了目前电化学提锂技术尚存在的不足，未来可从电极材料制备、提锂过程优化、装备设计三方面进行研究，以推进电化学提锂技术的发展与应用。

Progress of electrode materials and electrode systems in electrochemical lithium extraction process

Lithium and its derivatives have wide application prospects, leading to an increasing demand of lithium resource. Therefore, it is of great significance to develop a method that can extract lithium from (concentrated) seawater/brine with high reserves of low-grade lithium. In recent years, electrochemical lithium extraction technology has become a research focus due to its high selectivity, low energy consumption, and environmental friendliness. This paper reviewed the progress on the selection and preparation of electrode materials for lithium adsorption and the construction of electrode systems in electrochemical lithium extraction technology. In the selection and preparation of lithium adsorption electrode materials, LiFePO₄, LiMn₂O₄ and LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ with high lithium selectivity were developed gradually. In the construction of the electrode structure system, the system with counter electrode of AgCl, ZnCl₂ and polypyrrole, which have the anion reversible exchange performance, can avoid side reactions and reduce energy consumption for lithium extraction. The “rocking chair” system without other counter electrode materials can reduce the cost of the electrode and improve the efficiency of lithium extraction. Furthermore, the current shortcomings of electrochemical lithium extraction technology were pointed out, and its development and application could be promoted by the researches on the electrode material preparation, lithium extraction process optimization and equipment design in future.