Contemporary Techniques for Toe Production of Ultra-Pure Water in the Pharmflceutical Industry

The paper reviews the latest manufacturing techniques for producing ultra-pure water to meet the standards specified for the pharmaceutical industry.

The various water treatment techniques are considered in terms of their effectiveness in removing the multiplicity of contaminants found in raw water supplies. The concept of a water purification system is developed, and particular stress is placed on synergistic combinations of ion-exchange and membrane processes that produce high-purity water cost-effectively. Also highlighted is the importance of good system design and validation procedures.

Water treatment principles are illustrated by reference to case histories of pharmaceutical installations, including a low-cost, membrane-based system for providing apyrogenic water.