Influence of driving patterns on life cycle cost and emissions of hybrid and plug-in electric vehicle powertrains |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;2. Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, Scaife Hall 324, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;1. State Key Lab. of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130025, China;2. State Grid Energy Research Institute, Beijing 102209, China;3. School of Economics, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing 100081, China;1. School of Environment, and State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;3. State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China;1. Industrial Doctorate Centre in Systems, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UB, UK;2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TR, UK;1. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Industrial Production (IIP), Chair of Energy Economics, Hertzstr. 16, Building 06.33, D-76187 Karlsruhe, Germany;2. Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research (Fraunhofer ISI), Breslauer Strasse 48, D-76139 Karlsruhe, Germany |
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| Abstract: | We compare the potential of hybrid, extended-range plug-in hybrid, and battery electric vehicles to reduce lifetime cost and life cycle greenhouse gas emissions under various scenarios and simulated driving conditions. We find that driving conditions affect economic and environmental benefits of electrified vehicles substantially: Under the urban NYC driving cycle, hybrid and plug-in vehicles can cut life cycle emissions by 60% and reduce costs up to 20% relative to conventional vehicles (CVs). In contrast, under highway test conditions (HWFET) electrified vehicles offer marginal emissions reductions at higher costs. NYC conditions with frequent stops triple life cycle emissions and increase costs of conventional vehicles by 30%, while aggressive driving (US06) reduces the all-electric range of plug-in vehicles by up to 45% compared to milder test cycles (like HWFET). Vehicle window stickers, fuel economy standards, and life cycle studies using average lab-test vehicle efficiency estimates are therefore incomplete: (1) driver heterogeneity matters, and efforts to encourage adoption of hybrid and plug-in vehicles will have greater impact if targeted to urban drivers vs. highway drivers; and (2) electrified vehicles perform better on some drive cycles than others, so non-representative tests can bias consumer perception and regulation of alternative technologies. We discuss policy implications. |
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| Keywords: | Driving conditions Life cycle assessment Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles |
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