中国漆树资源研究及精细化应用

中国是漆树(Toxicodendron verniciflua Stokes.)的原产地。早在7000多年前,中国先民就已经利用从漆树皮层采割的生漆髹涂器具,装饰工艺品,形成了东方优秀的传统文化遗产。漆树在中国的水平分布范围,约相当于北纬25~41°46,东经约在95°30′~125°25′之间,东西约1500km,南北约900km,包括了中国24个省(市)、区,500多个县;漆树在中国山地的垂直分布幅度,一般分布在海拔100~3000m之间,以400~2000m分布最多;秦巴山地、鄂西高原和大娄山、乌蒙山一带,环绕四川盆地东侧是其分布中心,群集度和常见度高,约相当于北纬26°34′~34°29′,东经103°53′~112°10′之间,在这个区域以外,向东、向西、向南、向北漆树分布逐渐减少。漆树最适栽培区的年均温在14℃左右,≥10℃积温在4000℃以上,1月份均温在2℃以上,年降水量在700mm以上。年雨量少于550mm的地区,或年平均气温超过20℃以上的地区,很少有漆树的自然分布。漆树雌雄异株,变异类型品种多,在中国有100多个品种,其中有46个优良品种、14个特优品种,主要通过无性系扩繁技术繁育,每年的7~10月份是中国生漆的采割季节。漆树乳汁道来源于原形成层细胞发育,裂生起源,遍布漆树体的各类器官内,其中多数存在于微管系统的韧皮部中,并以茎干的次生韧皮部为最多,是生漆分泌和贮藏的场所。生漆成分在细胞中的合成作用主要在质体和内质网中进行,细胞核、线粒体、高尔基体以及细胞质基质或多或少参与了生漆的合成或细胞内运输。生漆中的各种成分及含量随气象因子、漆树品种、生长环境、割漆时间和采割技术等的不同而有所差异。生漆除了直接用于器具的髹涂、防护、保护外,其漆酚、漆酶、漆多糖、糖蛋白等均可以进行精细化应用,开发功能高分子材料、生物活性成分和生物质能产品,应用前景宽阔。

Study on Chinese lacquer tree resources and fined utilization

China is origin place of lacquer tree(Toxicodendron verniciflua) and the first country using nature raw lacquer . In China, there are more than 7000 years that people use sap that flows cortex of lacquer tree. The horizontal distribution range of Lacquer trees is from 25°to 41°46′north latitude and 95°30′to 125°25′east longitude, about 1500km from east to west, 900km from north to south, spanned 24 provinces(cities), districts, and more than 500 counties in China. The vertical distribution of lacquer trees in mountain areas is usually from 100m to 3000m, particularly between 400m and 2000m, where is located around Qinling and Daba mountain areas, Exi, Dalou, and Wumeng mountain areas. The eastern part of Sichuan Pendi is the center of distribution, where the range is from 26°34′to 34°29′north latitude and 103°53′to 112°10′east longitude. In this area, the lacquer trees have a high sociability and are most easily seen, but the lacquer trees are becoming less and less by extending the distribution range in all directions. The optimum temperature for lacquer trees growing is about 14℃ , the accumulate temperature which ≥10℃ should be more than 4000℃, the average temperature in January is about 2℃, and precipitation is more than 700mm annually. For those areas whose precipitations are less than 500mm or the annual average temperature are above 20℃ rarely have lacquer trees grown .Lacquer trees are diclinous plants, and have several varieties. There are more than 100 kinds of lacquer trees in China, 46 of them are improved ones, and 14 are the best breeds, so that they are mainly reproduced by asexual reproduction technology, and the right season to tap off lacquer is between July and October. The verniciflua laticiferous canals are formed from cells that are developed in the layer of procambium, and are found in every organs of the whole tree, most of them are found in phloem sieve tubes, especially in the secondary phloem of stem, where secreted and stored lacquer. Synthesis of lacquer molecules is happened in plastid and endoplasmic reticulum, and nucleolus, mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus and cytoplasmic matrix are more or less participated in. The components and constituent content of lacquer differs by the change of weather, different varieties, growing environment, tapping time and technology. Lacquer not only can be used directly to coat, defend and protect lacquer wares, but also the?urushiol, laccase, lacquer polysaccharides and glycoprotein in lacquer can be refined in order to develop functional polymeric materials, biological activated composition and biomass energy products, which has a bright future for application.