Human-mobility enabled networks in urban environments: Is there any (mobile wireless) small world out there? |
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| Authors: | Angela Sara Cacciapuoti Francesco Calabrese Marcello Caleffi Giusy Di Lorenzo Luigi Paura |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Biomedical, Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering (DIBET), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy;2. IBM Research IBM Technology Campus, Damastown, Dublin 15, Mulhuddart, Ireland;3. Laboratorio Nazionale di Comunicazioni Multimediali (CNIT), Naples, Italy;1. Departamento de Ingeniería Informática y Organización Industrial, Facultad de Enseñanzas Técnicas, Universidad a Distancia de Madrid, Collado Villalba 28400, Spain;2. Department of Software Engineering and Artificial Intelligence, Facultad de Informática, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain;1. Memorial-Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York;2. Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts;3. Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio;4. Centre Léon-Bérard, Lyon, France;5. Institut Gustave Roussy, Paris, France;6. Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom;7. Georgetown-Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, D.C.;1. University of Colorado Boulder, United States;2. University of Colorado Denver, United States;3. Texas Department of State Health Services, United States;1. Agriculture Research Center, National Agricultural and Forestry Research Institute (NAFRI), Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF), Vientiane, Lao Democratic People''s Republic;2. The University of Queensland, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Qld 4072, Australia;3. Bureau of Rice Research and Development, Rice Department, Thailand;4. Khon Kaen University, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen, Thailand |
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| Abstract: | In the last 10 years, new paradigms for wireless networks based on human mobility have gained the attention of the research community. These paradigms, usually referred to as Pocket Switched Networks or Delay Tolerant Networks, jointly exploit human mobility and store-and-forward communications to improve the connectivity in sparse or isolated networks. Clearly, understanding the human mobility patterns is a key challenge for the design of routing protocols based on such paradigms. To this aim, we anonymously collected the positions of almost two thousand mobile phone users, spread over a metropolitan area greater than 200 km2 for roughly one month. Then, with a multi-disciplinary approach, we estimated the mobility patterns from the collected data and, assuming Wi-Fi connectivity, we inferred the contact events among the devices to evaluate the connectivity properties of a human mobility-enabled wireless network. In a nutshell, the contribution of the paper is threefold: (i) it confirms some of the results obtained in smaller environments, such as the power-law distribution for contact and inter-contact times, allowing us to estimate the distribution parameters with high statistical significance; (ii) it addresses the feasibility of the transmission opportunities provided by human mobility to build a city-wide connected network for different forwarding strategies classes; (iii) it shows uncovered characteristics of the connectivity properties of human mobility, such as the presence of the small world phenomenon in wide-scale experiments. |
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