俄罗斯油气资源开发及出口贸易进展述评

俄罗斯是世界油气大国,拥有丰富的石油天然气自然资源,集中了全球1/3的天然气和12%的石油资源,油气勘探开发已有140多年的历史,在世界石油格局中占有举足轻重的地位。2009年,俄罗斯石油产量4.94×108t,天然气产量5560×108m3,高居世界榜首;石油(含凝析气)出口量为2.474×108t。近20年来俄罗斯一直保持着100%的石油储量替代率,2005年以来每年发现的新增石油储量均超过当年产量。俄天然气工业保持着完整统一的经营体制,俄罗斯天然气工业股份公司(Gazprom)生产的天然气占俄天然气总产量的80%以上,从而使全国天然气产量基本保持稳定。俄原油出口贸易2/3在欧洲,其次是独联体等国家。石油出口50%以上靠油轮海运,1/3靠管道输送,靠铁路运送的不到出口总量的5%。成品油和石化深加工等高附加值产品的出口在能源出口中的比例将不断增加。鉴于亚太地区石油市场的庞大以及俄罗斯的能源外交战略,今后亚太市场将是俄石油出口的重点研究方向。俄罗斯《2010～2030年国家石油天然气工业经济发展长期规划》对俄本国、欧亚和世界能源市场的发展将产生重要的影响。

A Review of Russia's Oil and Gas Development and Export Trade

Russia is a major oil and gas producer in the world with rich oil and gas resources.The country holds one third of the world＇s natural gas and 12% of oil resources with an oil and gas exploration and development history of more than 140 years,making the country one of the most important oil players in the world＇ s oil industry.In 2009,Russia produced 4.94×108t of crude oil and 5560×108m3 of natural gas,the highest worldwide.Russia＇s oil （including condensate） exports in 2009 stood at 2.474×108t.Over the past 20 years,Russia＇s oil reserve replacement rate has remained at 100%.Since 2005,the country＇s oil reserve in-crease has outpaced oil output every year.Russia＇s natural gas industry has a uniform operating system.Gazprom produces over 80% of Russia＇s total natural gas output,which contributes to the stability of natural gas output of Russia.Two thirds of Russia＇s crude oil exports go to Europe with CIS being the second largest importer of Russian crude oil.Over 50% of Russia＇s oil exports are transported by oil tanker,one third by pipeline and less than 5% by railway and the percentages of high-value products such as oil products and deeply processed petrochemicals will continue to increase in Russia＇s energy product exports.Given the large size of the oil consumer market in the Asia Pacific Region as well as Russia＇s energy diplomacy, the Asian Pacific market will be the key target market of Russian oil.Russia＇s National Long-Term Economic Development Plan for the Oil and Gas Industry will have an important influence on the energy markets in Russia,Europe,Asia as well as some other regions.