Plug-load densities for energy analysis: K-12 schools |
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Authors: | Ravi S. Srinivasan Jaya Lakshmanan Eddy Santosa Deepak Srivastav |
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Affiliation: | aM.E. Rinker, Sr. School of Building Construction, College of Design, Construction and Planning, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States;bSILPA Research, Radnor, PA, United States;cHMC ArchLab, HMC Architects, Ontario, CA, United States |
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Abstract: | Benchmarking plug-load densities is essential to bypass arbitrary and/or incorrect inputs used in building energy analysis. As more building simulationists play a decision-making role for the design team, they tend to lean on building energy standards and guidelines for preliminary inputs such as plug-load densities. It is necessary for building energy standards and rating systems to implement plug-load density benchmarks to reward design teams in their efforts to reduce plug-load energy use. Using case study buildings, this paper establishes benchmark plug-load densities for K-12 schools under two new categories – classrooms with computers and classrooms without computers. Eighteen K-12 schools including 9 elementary, 2 middle, and 7 high schools are assessed for actual plug-load densities. For the same case study buildings, four existing approaches – NREL, COMNET, ASHRAE 90.1-1989, and Title-24 are evaluated for plug-load densities. Results show under- and over-estimation of plug-load densities over actual densities. The development of benchmark for K-12 schools will pave way for instituting targets for trimming plug-load densities in new and retrofit building projects. |
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Keywords: | Plug-load density K-12 schools Benchmarking NREL COMNET ASHRAE 90.1-1989 Title-24 Plug-load allowance Miscellaneous Electrical Loads |
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