Death by desiccation: Effects of hermetic storage on cowpea bruchids |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Dept. of Entomology, Purdue University, 901 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2089, USA;2. Centre National de Recherche Agronomique de Maradi, l’Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique du Niger (INRAN), Maradi, Niger;1. Department of Food Science and Technology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya;2. International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya;3. Department of Dairy, Food Science and Technology, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya;4. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, P.O. Box 320, Bamako, Mali;1. Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA;2. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., 20250, USA;1. National Institute for Agricultural Research in Niger (INRAN), Maradi, Niger;2. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Kano, Nigeria;3. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, Benin;4. Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;5. International Programs in Agriculture (IPIA), Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;1. International Center for Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya;2. Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Technology, University of Nairobi, P.O Box 29053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya;3. Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;1. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, India;2. Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA;1. Campus Codó, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Maranhão, Codó, MA 36693-000, Brazil;2. Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal de Acre, Rio Branco, AC 699205-900, Brazil;3. Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil;4. Centro Multidisciplinar de Barra, Universidade Federal do Oeste da Bahia, 47100-000 Barra, BA, Brazil |
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| Abstract: | When cowpea grain is stored in airtight containers, destructive populations of the cowpea bruchid (Callosobruchus maculatus) don’t develop even though the grain put into the store is already infested with sufficient C. maculatus to destroy the entire store within a few months. The surprising effectiveness of hermetic storage for preserving grain against insect pests has long been linked with the depletion of oxygen in the hermetic container and with the parallel rise in carbon dioxide. With C. maculatus, low oxygen (hypoxia) leads to cessation of larval feeding activity, whereas elevated levels of carbon dioxide (hypercarbia) have little or no effect on feeding. Cessation of feeding arrests the growth of the insects, which don’t mature and don’t reproduce. As a result, population growth ceases and damaging infestations don’t develop. C. maculatus eggs, larvae, and pupae subjected to hypoxia eventually die after exposures of various duration. The cause of death is desiccation resulting from an inadequate supply of water. We demonstrate that blocking the supply of oxygen interdicts the main supply of water for C. maculatus. This leads to inactivity, cessation of population growth, desiccation and eventual death. |
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