Physical characteristics of AFEX-pretreated and densified switchgrass,prairie cord grass,and corn stover |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57006, USA;2. Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI 48824, USA;3. Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57006, USA;4. Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Wisconsin-Stout, Menomonie, WI 54751, USA;1. State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, China;2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;1. School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, UK;2. Department of Energy and Fuels, Technical University of Madrid (UPM), Spain;1. Department of Paediatric Urology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK;2. Department of Surgery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand |
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| Abstract: | The goal of the study was to evaluate and compare the physical properties of control, pretreated and densified corn stover, switchgrass, and prairie cord grass samples. Ammonia Fiber Expansion (AFEX) pretreated switchgrass, corn stover, and prairie cord grass samples were densified by using the comPAKco device developed by Federal Machine Company of Fargo, ND. The densified biomass were referred as “PAKs” in this study. All feedstocks were ground into three different grind size of 2, 4 and 8 mm prior to AFEX pretreatment and the impact of grinding on pellet properties was studied. The results showed that the physical properties of AFEX-PAKed material were not influenced by the initial grind size of the feedstocks. The bulk density of the AFEX-PAKed biomass increased by 1.2–6 fold as compared to untreated and AFEX-pretreated materials. The durability of the AFEX-PAKed materials were between 78.25 and 95.2%, indicating that the AFEX-PAKed biomass can be transported easily. To understand the effect of storage on the physical properties of these materials, samples were stored in the ambient condition (20 ± 2 °C and 70 ± 5% relative humidity) for six months. After storage, thermal properties of the biomass did not change but glass transition temperature decreased. The water absorption index and water solubility index of AFEX-treated and AFEX-PAKed biomass showed mixed trends after storage. Moisture content decreased and durability increased upon storage. |
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| Keywords: | Ammonia fiber expansion Densification Lignocellulosic Pellet durability Storage |
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