中国古代园林观月空间“景月同构”设计探析——以明清园林为例

经“月岩望月”研究发现,南宋时期已出现符合天文运行规律、“朝对东-南”的观月景观营建,构景手法表现为月景与地景的同框因借,展现了中国古代园林“景月同构”的空间营造特征。在“景月同构”是否能作为中国古代园林月景设计范式,以及其“朝对东-南”的设计具有哪些共性特征2个问题的导向下,基于古代园林遗存和园记等材料进行统计、筛选,针对观月空间布局与构景要素进行整理。总结出明清园林中成功观月的景点普遍存在“朝对东-南”的方向性特点,并归纳出“有水为宜”“丘壑应变”“景题点睛”“旱园水作”4类中国古代园林观月空间的“景月同构”设计范式。进一步探讨了中国传统园林在月景营建中对天文规律的应用,以期为古代园林观月景点复原定位及现代月景设计在山水地形营造、景观元素布局和观月氛围设计方面提供理论指导。

Exploration on the Design of "Landscape withMoon Movement" in Ancient Chinese MoonscapeSpace: Taking Garden in Ming and Qing Dynastiesas Examples

With the research of a sight spot called "Moon Rockery"found that in the Southern Song Dynasty, there was a moonscapespace that conformed to the astronomical rules and south-eastwards.This kind of configuration shows the characteristic of the moonscapespace in ancient Chinese gardens which called "landscape with moonmovement". This paper studies the configuration of "landscape withmoon movement" and "south-eastwards view", and analyzes thematerials of ancient garden remains and garden records, and sorts outthe layout and elements of moonscape space, and draw a conclusionthat most of the moonscapes in garden in Ming and Qing dynastieswere south-eastwards. On the above base, this paper concludes 4moonscape space formulas which are "a garden with water is betterthan one without", "combining landform and rockery with variablespatial conditions", "the name of the attraction is important", and"special pavement design makes the ground fell like water". Further,it discusses the application of astronomical rules in moonscapedesigning in traditional Chinese gardens, in order to provide referencesfor moonscape design in two aspects: on the one hand it can workat Restoration of Ancient Chinese Gardens, on the other hand, it canguide the contemporary moonscape in the construction of terrain,organization of elements and creation of moonscape atmosphere.