The effects of grape seed extract fortification on the antioxidant activity and quality attributes of bread

The antioxidant activity change of breads added with grape seed extract (GSE) was investigated. The results showed that bread with the addition of GSE had stronger antioxidant activity than that of blank bread, and increasing the level of GSE addition further enhanced the antioxidant capacity of the bread. However, thermal processing caused antioxidant activity of GSE added to bread to decrease by around 30–40%. We also studied the effect of GSE on the formation of detrimental N^ε-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML), a famous advanced glycation endproduct in bread. According to the results, GSE could reduce CML in bread and acted in a dose-dependent manner. Meanwhile, except for an acceptable colour change, adding GSE to bread had only little effect on the quality attributes of the bread. Altogether, our findings indicate that GSE-fortified bread is promising to be developed as a functional food with relatively lower CML-related health risks, yet a high antioxidant activity.