n−3 Fatty acid requirements of the newborn |
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Authors: | Sheila M Innis |
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Affiliation: | (1) Department of Paediatrics, University of British Columbia, The Research Centre, 950 West 28th Avenue, V5Z 4H4 Vancouver, BC, Canada |
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Abstract: | Whether docosahexaenoic acid (22∶6n−3) is an essential nutrient for term or preterm infants, or if not, the quantity of dietary
linolenic acid (18∶3n−3) needed to support sufficient synthesis of 22∶6n−3 for assimilation in the central nervous system
is unknown. Infants fed formulas have lower plasma and red blood cell (RBC) levels of 22∶6n−3 than breast fed infants. No
relationship between the intake of 18∶3n−3 in formula (0.8 or 4.5% of fatty acids, 18∶2n−6/18∶3n−3 ratio 35∶1 or 7∶1, respectively)
and the infant's RBC 22∶6n−3 was found. Premature infants (<33 wk gestation) also showed a decrease in RBC 22∶6n−3 during
feeding with formula containing 18∶3n−3 as the only n−3 fatty acid. However, a marked decrease in plasma and RBC 22∶6n−3 occurred
between premature birth and the start of full enteral feeding at 1–2 wk of age. This was not reversed by breast milk or formula
feeding. Piglets, which are appropriate for studies of infant lipid metabolism, had decreased brain synaptic plasma membrane,
retina and liver 22∶6n−3 and increased 22∶5n−6 when fed formula with 0.8% fatty acids (0.3% of kcal) as 18∶3n−3. Formula with
4.0% fatty acids (1.7% of kcal) as 18∶3n−3 resulted in similar accretion of 22∶6n−3 in the organs compared to milk fed animals.
The studies suggest the dietary requirement for 18∶3n−3 in term animals in energy balance exceeds 0.3% diet kcal. Studies
in the premature infants suggest 18∶3n−3 may be oxidized rather than desaturated to 22∶6n−3 if energy requirements are not
met, and that due to early lipid restriction and later rapid growth, premature infants may have higher dietary n−3 requirements
than term infants.
Based on a paper presented at the Symposium on Milk Lipids held at the AOCS Annual Meeting, Baltimore, MD, April 1990. |
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