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Aromatic nitrations by mixed acid. Slow liquid-liquid reaction regime |
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| Authors: | J M Zaldivar E Molga M A Al s H Hern ndez and K R Westerterp |
| Affiliation: | a Joint Research Centre of the Commission of the European Communities, Institute for Safety Technology, Process Engineering Division TP680, 21020-, Ispra (Va, Italy b Chemical Engineering and Process Department, Warsaw Technical University, ul. Warynskiego 1, 00645-, Warsaw, Poland c Chemical Reaction Engineering Laboratories, Department of Chemical Engineering, Twente University of Technology. P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, Netherlands |
| Abstract: | Aromatic nitrations by mixed acid have been selected as a specific case of a heterogeneous liquid-liquid reaction. An extensive experimental programme has been followed using adiabatic and heat-flow calorimetry and pilot reactor experiments, supported by chemical analysis. A series of nitration experiments has been carried out to study the influences of different initial and operating conditions such as temperature, stirring speed and sulphuric acid concentration. In parallel, a mathematical model to predict the overall conversion rate has been developed. In this paper the mathematical modelling and the implementation and experimental validation for benzene, toluene and chlorobenzene mononitration in the kinetic control regime (slow liquid-liquid reaction) are presented and discussed. |
| Keywords: | Aromatic nitrations Slow liquid-liquid reactions |
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