Towards mesoscopic thermodynamics: Small systems in higher-order states |
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| Authors: | Roman S. Ingarden |
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| Affiliation: | (1) Institute of Physics, Nicholas Copernicus University, Toru!["nacute"]("/content/71q532757541135v/xlarge324.gif") , Poland |
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| Abstract: | A higher-order generalization of the usual thermodynamic formalism is presented for systems with the number of particlesN large in comparison with 1, but sufficiently small that one or many higher-order fluctuations of energy (or other observables) are measurable, directly or indirectly. Then 1 «N «NA, whereNA is the Avogadro number, andn 2, wheren is the highest order of fluctuations (central statistical moments). The systems are then open, finite and compact, and they have compact boundary surfaces, so that the energy is non-additive and temperatures are non-intensive, in general. Such systems will be called comesoscopic, while a finite or infinite super-system of such systems will be called mesoscopic. Three ideal models of comesoscopic systems are discussed in detail with one or two higher-order temperatures. General conclusions concerning hierarchical composite systems are drawn afterwards.
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