Materials science and metallurgy of the Caribbean steel drum Part I Fabrication, deformation phenomena and acoustic fundamentals |
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Authors: | L. E. Murr E. Ferreyra J. G. Maldonado E. A. Trillo S. Pappu C. Kennedy J. De Alba M. Posada D. P. Russell J. L. White |
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Affiliation: | (1) Departments of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering,, University of Texas at El Paso,, El Paso,, TX 79968,, USA;(2) Physics, Materials Research Institute,, University of Texas at El Paso,, El Paso,, TX 79968,, USA;(3) Department of Music,, University of Texas at El Paso,, El Paso,, TX 79968,, USA |
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Abstract: | Steel-drum fabrication, especially the sinking of the drum head (also referred to as the pan) by hand with a hammer, has been examined in detail utilizing light metallography (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to characterize residual microstructures corresponding to reductions in thickness of up to 50 % at the bottom of the drum head. Dislocation densities in the low-carbon (0.01–0.05 wt % C), ferritic steels can exceed 1010 cm-2. Simulations of simple, ideal, free circular notes utilizing 316 stainless-steel plates (0.05 wt % C), cold rolled to reductions up to 40%, revealed that deformation (per cent cold reduction) has an important effect on the acoustic spectrum, especially harmonic spectra. Harmonic-node splitting was observed for thin circular plates (0.076 cm thick); the frequency difference was 60 Hz at 20% cold reduction and 160 Hz at 40% cold reduction. These dispersion effects, due to deformation-induced microstructures, as well as irregularities in the note geometries and thicknesses, point to the complex and non-linear acoustic features that contribute to the unique sounds of the Caribbean steel drum. |
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