Kinetics of adenovirus type 2 inactivation with free chlorine |
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Authors: | Martin A. Page,Joanna L. Shisler,Benito J. Mariñ as |
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Affiliation: | a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA b Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 601 S. Goodwin, Urbana, IL 61801, USA c Center of Advanced Materials for the Purification of Water with Systems (WaterCAMPWS), 1206 W. Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA |
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Abstract: | The objective of this study was to elucidate the effects of pH, temperature, and other relevant water quality parameters on the kinetics of adenovirus serotype 2 inactivation with free chlorine. Over a pH range of 6.5-10, a temperature range of 1-30 °C, and in a variety of water types, free chlorine was highly effective against adenovirus type 2. Its disinfection efficacy decreased with increasing pH and decreasing temperature, yet was unaffected by hardness and buffering species. Under the most challenging conditions investigated in this study (pH 10, 1 °C), a four-log reduction of adenovirus viability would be achieved at a CT value of 2.6 mg Cl2 min/L. The inactivation kinetics was characterized by three phases of inactivation under most conditions. The first phase resulted from a reaction involving primarily the hypochlorous acid species and was characterized by rapid inactivation of viruses to a limit that increased with decreasing pH and increasing temperature. After reaching this limit, adenovirus exhibited two subsequent phases of inactivation at lesser rates that were not affected by temperature or pH. As with the first phase of kinetics, a limit of inactivation was approached in the second phase that decreased with increasing pH, and after which the kinetics was characterized by a third and final phase. An inactivation model consistent with these observations was found to provide adequate representation for the free chlorine inactivation of adenovirus serotype 2 as well as that reported in the literature for other adenovirus serotypes. |
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Keywords: | Adenovirus Disinfection model Free chlorine disinfection Inactivation kinetics Virus inactivation Hypochlorous acid |
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