Constraining ligand-binding site stoichiometry suggests that a cyclic nucleotide-gated channel is composed of two functional dimers

Cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels are composed of four pore-forming subunits. Binding of cyclic nucleotide to a site in the intracellular carboxyl terminus of each subunit leads to channel activation. Since there are four subunits, four binding events are possible. In this study, we investigate the effects of individual binding events on activation by studying channels containing one, two, three, or four functional binding sites. The binding of a single ligand significantly increases opening, although four ligands are required for full activation. The data are inconsistent with models in which the four subunits activate in a single concerted step (Monod-Wyman-Changeux model) or in four independent steps (Hodgkin-Huxley model). Instead, the four subunits may associate and activate as two independent dimers.