Toughening of thermoset green zein resin: A comparison between natural rubber-based additives and plasticizers

Zein-based brittle thermoset green resin was toughened using sorbitol, natural rubber fibers (NRF), and epoxidized natural rubber fibers (ENRF). NRF and ENRF were electrospun directly into zein slurry. Chemical, thermal, and mechanical properties of zein resin containing NRF (Zein/NRF) and ENRF (Zein/ENRF) were compared with those of sorbitol-plasticized zein. NRF was found to be immiscible in zein and Zein/NRF resins showed two distinct glass transition temperatures (T _g), whereas Zein/ENRF specimens showed significant increases in both T _g and degradation temperature (T _d) due to crosslinking between zein and epoxidized natural rubber. ENRF was more effective in enhancing fracture toughness of zein than NRF or sorbitol. Increased ENRF loading to 15 wt % showed significant increase in toughness with minimal decreases in strength and Young's modulus. Sorbitol and NRF were unable to improve the toughness of zein resin significantly. Environment-friendly zein/ENRF resin with higher fracture toughness developed in this study would be suitable in many applications including green composites. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020 , 137, 48512.