Fabrication,structural, optical,physical and radiation shielding characterization of indium (III) oxide reinforced 85TeO2-(15–x)ZnO-xIn2O3 glass system

This work aimed to evaluate the structural, optical, and physical features of several types of glasses based on 85TeO₂-(15–x)ZnO-xIn₂O₃ (x = 2, 4, 6, and 8 mol%) system. As a result, five different samples were synthesized utilizing the melting-annealing technique. The Archimedes method was used to calculate the densities of the synthesized glasses. The structural, optical, physical, and radiation interaction characteristics of the sample were determined using XRD investigations, Raman spectra, and advanced modelling methods, producing optical band gap, refractive index, and Urbach energy values. The glass densities increased from 5.6091 g cm⁻³ to 5.6754 g cm⁻³ by increasing In₂O₃ reinforcement from 2 to 8 mol %. Urbach energies increased consistently from 0.1399 to 0.1439 eV as In₂O₃ concentration increased, apart from a drop to 0.1345 eV at x = 8. The optical transmittance and absorption characteristics altered nearly monotonically with increasing In₂O₃ ratios, showing that these characteristics may be estimated and controlled using In₂O₃ additive. By substituting ZnO with In₂O₃ within the structure, the optical band gap was dramatically enlarged. Additionally, at simulated energies greater than 0.02 MeV, the gamma-ray mass attenuation coefficient grows monotonically with In₂O₃ reinforcement. As a result, it can be stated that the high concentration In₂O₃ to TeO₂–ZnO glass combination is a good synergetic tool for integrating structural, optical, and radiation properties.