Horizontal and Vertical Distributions of Mercury in 1983 Lake Superior Sediments with Estimates of Storage and Mass Flux |
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| Affiliation: | 1. School of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forest University, Lin''an, Zhejiang Province 311300, China;2. Key Laboratory of Soil Contamination Bioremediation of Zhejiang Province, Lin''an, Zhejiang Province 311300, China;3. Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Hong Kong University of Education, Tai Po, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region;4. College of Law and Political Science, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin''an, Zhejiang Province 311300, China;1. Department of Anesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine, Medical School of Marrakech (Cadi Ayyad University), Mother & Child Hospital, Mohammed VI Teaching Hospital, Marrakech, Morocco;2. University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA;1. Senior Assistant Professor, Department of Clinical Oral Oncology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan;2. Assistant Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan;3. Assistant Professor, Department of Clinical Oral Oncology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan;4. Clinical Fellow, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan;6. Chairman, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kakogawa East City Hospital, Kakogawa, Japan;5. Chairman, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kansai Medical University Hirakata Hospital, Hirakata, Japan;7. Professor, Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan;11. Professor, Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan;12. Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan;8. Professor, Department of Clinical Oral Oncology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan;1. Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering (DICAM), University of Trento, Trento, Italy;2. Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht (IMAU), Department of Physics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands;1. Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China;2. Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China |
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| Abstract: | Persistent elevated mercury concentrations in some species of Lake Superior fish and the general lack of information on mercury storage in and fluxes to the lake's sediments prompted the analysis of samples that were collected in 1983. Results of the analyses support the conclusion that Lake Superior sediments have mercury concentrations above background levels at all sites sampled. For those cores which penetrated the sediment deeply enough (the majority of the cores), background mercury concentrations ranged between 0.016 and 0.048 mg/kg. Mercury concentrations in surficial sediments ranged between 0.027 and 0.96 mg/kg. The maximum mercury concentration found in sub-surface sediments (2 to 20 cm deep) was 6.5 mg/kg. The surficial 20 cm of sediment contained 342 metric tons of mercury of which 51% or 174 metric tons was anthropogenic. The surface 2 cm of sediment contained 29 metric tons of mercury of which 76% or 22 metric tons was anthropogenic. Estimated total mercury fluxes to surficial sediments ranged between 0.1 and 10 ng/cm2/y with a mean of 3.2 ng/cm2/y. Background total mercury fluxes to the lake ranged between 0.20 and 0.72 ng/cm2/y with a mean of 0.48 ng/cm2/y. Estimated fluxes of anthropogenic mercury to surficial sediments ranged between –0.42 and 10 ng/cm2/y with a mean of 2.7 ng/cm2/y. The fluxes reported here are only the second known reporting of mercury fluxes to Lake Superior sediments. The inventory of mercury in the sediments is the first reported. |
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