Mean Circulation in the Great Lakes |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Royal Military College of Canada, Physics, POB 17000, STN FORCES, Kingston, ON K7K 7B4, Canada;2. Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada;1. Cooperative Institute of Limnology and Ecosystems Research (CILER), School of Natural Resources and Environments, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48108, USA;2. Department of Civil Engineering, Queen''s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada;3. Water Center, Graham Sustainability Institute, University of Michigan, 625 East Liberty Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48193, USA;4. Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;1. University at Buffalo School of Architecture and Planning, Regional Institute, The State University of New York, UB Downtown Gateway, 77 Goodell Street, Suite 302, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA;2. Department of Biology, Western University, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON N6A3K7, Canada;3. Centre for Engineering and Public Policy, McMaster University, ETB 510, 1280 Main Street W., Hamilton, ON L8S 4L7 Canada;4. Graham Sustainability Institute, University of Michigan, 625 E. Liberty St., Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA;1. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd., Duluth, MN 55804, USA;2. Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, 6201 Congdon Blvd., Duluth, MN 55804, USA;3. University of Minnesota Duluth, Natural Resources Research Institute, 5013 Miller Trunk Highway, Duluth, MN 55811, USA;4. SRA International Inc., 6201 Congdon Blvd., Duluth, MN 55804, USA |
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| Abstract: | In this paper new maps are presented of mean circulation in the Great Lakes, employing long-term current observations from about 100 Great Lakes moorings during the 1960s to 1980s. Knowledge of the mean circulation in the Great Lakes is important for ecological and management issues because it provides an indication of transport pathways of nutrients and contaminants on longer time scales. Based on the availability of data, summer circulation patterns in all of the Great Lakes, winter circulation patterns in all of the Great Lakes except Lake Superior, and annual circulation patterns in Lakes Erie, Michigan, and Ontario were derived. Winter currents are generally stronger than summer currents, and, therefore, annual circulation closely resembles winter circulation. Circulation patterns tend to be cyclonic (counterclockwise) in the larger lakes (Lake Huron, Lake Michigan, and Lake Superior) with increased cyclonic circulation in winter. In the smaller lakes (Lake Erie and Lake Ontario), winter circulation is characterized by a two-gyre circulation pattern. Summer circulation in the smaller lakes is different; predominantly cyclonic in Lake Ontario and anticyclonic in Lake Erie. |
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