基于井下生态保护的煤矿职业健康防护理论与技术体系

职业健康是人类社会发展过程中的焦点问题。煤矿采掘活动伴生的粉尘、尾气、噪声等恶化了井下生态环境。由于井下空间有限,仅靠人工通风难以快速将污染空气稀释至清洁空气的标准,对人员健康等均有不同程度的损害,甚至引发尘肺病。针对煤矿生产过程中尘肺病防治难,且从业人员众多的问题,分析了我国尘肺病治理现状;以煤矿井下生态保护为基础,系统分析了采掘过程中产尘途径和井下人员工作及设备运行环境,阐释了井下生态的概念及内涵,提出了以开发前规划、开发中保护、开发后利用为内涵的煤矿井下生态全生命周期保护利用理念;形成了以采掘源头降尘、除尘,扩散过程控尘及增强人员有效防护的"源头控尘-扩散降尘-有效防护"的系统防护模式;建立了基于开采源头减尘、降尘的煤矿开采规划布局及开采工艺优化的井下生态保护与高可靠、轻量化、智能化个体防护装置有机结合的煤矿职业健康防护技术体系。提出了基于源头减尘降尘的煤炭开采布局、煤层高效注水增润、高效环保抑尘降尘剂、干式高效过滤除尘、液压支架架间局部密闭隔尘、采煤机尘源自动跟踪喷雾降尘、难密封尘源高效捕收,综掘机气液联动吸风喷雾降尘等煤矿井下生态保护关键技术。

Theoretical framework and key technologies of underground ecological protection based on coal mine occupational health prevention

Occupational health is the focus of the development of human society.The dust,exhaust gas and noise resulted from coal mining activities have worsen the underground ecological environment.Due to the confined underground space,it is difficult to dilute the polluted air to meet the standards of clean air only by mine ventilation,inevitably causing various degrees of impact to worker health and even leading to pneumoconiosis.Considering the difficulty in the prevention and control of pneumoconiosis in coal mine production process and the large number of employees,the current situation of pneumoconiosis control was analyzed in China.Based on the pathogenesis of pneumoconiosis in coal mine,the dust generation mechanism,diffusion law,the environment of underground personnel work and equipment operation were studied systematically.The concept and implication of underground ecology were explained.The systemic protection concept of dust reduction at the source of excavation,dust control in the process of transmission and effective protection of personnel were proposed.The technical system of coal mine occupational health protection was established,which combines the underground ecological protection with coal mine planning layout and mining technology optimization of dust reduction at the source and uses highly reliability,lightweight and intelligent personal protective equipment(PPE).A key technology system for ecological protection in underground coal mines is proposed.And the key technology system includes coal mining layout technology based on source dust reduction and dust reduction,coal seam high-efficiency water injection and moisturization technology,high-efficiency environmental protection dust suppressant technology,dry high-efficiency filter and dust removal technology,hydraulic support Partially airtight dust isolation technology between racks,coal shearer dust source automatic tracking spray dust reduction technology,efficient collection technology for difficult-to-sealed dust sources,gas-liquid linkage suction spray dust reduction technology for comprehensive road headers.