煤矿热动力重大灾害中的几个科学问题

对我国煤矿发生的重特大事故进行统计表明,热动力灾害(火灾与爆炸)是煤矿重特大事故中占比最高、致灾最严重的灾害。当前对其成灾原因、致灾作用和救灾风险等还认识不足,导致对热动力重大灾害的预防和处理仍缺少有效方法与技术,造成热动力重特大事故至今时有发生、救援处理常面临困境。针对防范与遏制煤矿热动力重大灾害的迫切需求,通过系统的国内外案例统计分析、亲历的事故救援经验总结和长期的深入研究与思考,凝练提出了煤矿热动力重特大事故防治需要解决的3个关键科学问题:采场中气、固相可燃物(瓦斯与煤)复合燃烧及点火特性,热动力灾害致灾因素与通风系统耦合的致灾作用,热动力灾害救援的不确定性风险特性与应对。为解决这些科学问题,需要有针对性地加强和完善瓦斯抽采与顶板控制技术,预防含瓦斯混合空气的形成,减少和控制矿井顶板周期来压造成的压电效应,消除瓦斯燃烧或爆炸的最初点火源,提高矿井的防灾能力;掌握冲击波与烟流在通风系统中传播范围及致灾程度的规律,构建可靠通风系统和有效避险系统,提高矿井的减灾能力;开发发现和处理不确定性风险的方法与技术,提高矿井的救灾能力。这些科学问题的研究解决,可突破现有技术瓶颈,提高预防煤矿热动力灾害、防止事故扩大和应对不确定性风险的能力,为防范与遏制热动力重大灾害事故、保障我国煤炭工业健康可持续发展提供借鉴。

Several scientific issues on major thermodynamic disasters in coal mines

Statistics of major coal mine accidents in China show that thermodynamic disasters(fires and explosions)account for the highest proportion and cause the most serious damages.However,the causes,effects and relief risks of thermodynamic disasters are still insufficiently understood.As a result,there is still a lack of effective methods and techniques for the prevention and treatment of major thermodynamic disasters,causing serious thermodynamic accidents to occur from time to time.If it happens,rescue and treatment work often face difficulties.Aiming at the urgent need to prevent and contain the major thermodynamic disasters,three key scientific issues that need to be resolved are proposed by the systematic statistical analysis of cases around the world,the summary of first-hand accident rescue experience,and long-term intensive research.They are the ignition and combustion characteristics of gas-solid composite combustibles(gas and coal)in the stope,the coupling hazardous effect of disaster-causing factors(shock wave and smoke)and ventilation systems,uncertain risk and response during disaster rescue and treatment.A comprehensive explanation and analysis of their research status,development trends and prospects are also carried out.In order to solve these scientific problems,it is necessary to strengthen and improve the gas drainage and roof control technology,prevent the mixing of gas and air,reduce and control the piezoelectric effect caused by the periodic roof weighting,and eliminate the initial ignition source of the combustion or explosion of gas,which will improve the disaster prevention capability of the mine.Understanding the law and degree of the spread of shock waves and smoke flow in the ventilation system,constructing a reliable ventilation system and effective avoidance system are also important for improving the disaster reduction capability of the mine.Developing technologies to discover and deal with uncertain risks can improve the mines’disaster relief capabilities.The solution of these scientific issues will break through the existing technical bottlenecks,improve the ability to prevent the formation and expanding of the thermodynamic disasters,as well as the respond to uncertain risks.It is of great significance to provide key scientific basis for the healthy and sustainable development of coal industry in China.