中国天然气价格形成机制改革的经济分析——从“成本加成”定价法到“市场净回值”定价法

天然气作为重要的能源资源,其大规模开发利用对调整中国能源消费结构、保障国家能源安全和经济安全都具有重要的战略意义。近期在国家层面展开的天然气价格形成机制改革可以有效理顺当前形势下天然气与替代能源间的比价关系,引导天然气资源合理配置,摸索自然垄断行业全面深化改革的新思路。通过回顾中国天然气价格形成机制改革进程,建立数理经济学模型,分析了天然气供应商在不同价格形成机制下的最优决策和对应的市场结构,可以为进一步推进改革做好准备。结论认为,由"成本加成"定价法向"市场净回值"定价法转变的天然气价格形成机制改革适应中国天然气来源多元化和输气管道网络化的新形势,有效地引入市场竞争,有利于促进中国天然气工业的健康发展,进而优化中国的整体能源结构。

An economic analysis of natural gas price-forming mechanisms in China:From the previous cost-plus pricing method to the net market value pricing method

As an important energy source, a huge amount of natural gas explored and produced will be of great significance to adjusting the primary energy structure and guaranteeing the national energy and economic security in China. The present national level reform on natural gas price forming mechanisms will rationalize the price relations between natural gas and other alternative energy sources, guiding a reasonable natural gas resource allocation, and explore more new ideas of deepening reform in natural monopoly industries. In view of this, through a review of the natural gas price forming reform process in China, we established a mathematical economics model for analyzing how natural gas suppliers make the best decision under different gas price forming mechanisms and what the corresponding market structure will be like, thereby to get ready for the further gas pricing reform. In conclusion, with multiple gas supply sources and the improved gas pipeline networks, China will introduce the market competition and turn from the previous gas plus pricing method to the net market value pricing method, thereby to stimulate the healthy development of natural gas industry and further optimize the whole primary energy structure.