Cross-layer optimization using two-level dual decomposition in multi-flow ad-hoc networks

Localization is one of the most important issues in wireless sensor networks and designing accurate localization algorithms is a common challenge in recent researches. Among all localization algorithms, DV-Hop attracts more attention due to its simplicity; so, we use it as a basis for our localization algorithm in order to improve accuracy. The various evolutionary algorithms such as Genetic, Shuffled Frog Leaping and Particle Swarm Optimization are employed in different phases of the main DV-Hop localization algorithm. Simulation results prove that our proposed method decreases the localization error efficiently without additional hardware.