电力系统碳排放核算综述与展望

碳核算能量化分析碳排放数据，对实现“双碳”目标至关重要。从直接、间接两个角度出发，聚焦电力系统碳排放核算问题。直接碳排放主要源于源侧火电机组和电网侧SF₆气体泄露。首先对火电机组碳排放核算方法及研究概况进行综述，围绕特性、精度、适用范畴等，对排放因子法、物料平衡法、实测法进行分析对比，并简要说明了由SF₆气体泄露造成的等价碳排放核算方法。其次，基于发电负荷等于厂用电负荷、网损及综合用电负荷三者之和这一关系，提出间接碳排放的定义，厘清直接、间接碳排放关系，并比较平均碳排放因子法与基于碳排放流理论核算间接碳排放方法的优劣。最后，分析新型电力系统中直接、间接碳排放的影响因素，并展望未来考虑市场因素下的碳排放核算方法。

Overview and prospect of carbon emission accounting in electric power systems

Carbon accounting and quantitative analysis of carbon emissions are crucial for achieving the dual carbon targets. This paper focuses on the carbon accounting issue in the power system and starts from the perspectives of direct and indirect carbon emissions. Direct carbon emissions mainly come from thermal power units on the source side and SF6 gas leakage on the grid side. This paper first reviews the carbon emission accounting methods and research overview of thermal power units, analyzes and compares the emission factor, material balance, and measurement methods around characteristics, accuracy, and applicability, and briefly explains the equivalent carbon emission accounting methods caused by SF6 gas leakage. Secondly, it proposes a definition of indirect carbon emissions based on the relationship that power generation load is equal to the sum of auxiliary power load, network loss, and comprehensive power load. It clarifies the relationship between direct and indirect carbon emissions, and compares the advantages and disadvantages of using the average carbon emission factor method and carbon emission flow to calculate indirect carbon emissions. Finally, it analyzes the influencing factors of direct and indirect carbon emissions in the new power system. It also looks at the prospects for carbon emission accounting methods considering future market factors.