Ultrasonic extraction and field-portable anodic stripping voltammetric measurement of lead in dust wipe samples

Dust wipe samples were subjected to ultrasonic extraction (UE) in diluted nitric acid, and then analyzed for lead content using field-portable anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV). Recoveries of lead were determined from wipe materials which were spiked with certified reference materials (CRMs) containing known quantities of lead. Four different wipe materials and four different CRMs were tested, with and without filtration of aliquots of sample extract through 0.45 microm hydrophilic polytetrafluoroethylene filters. The CRMs consisted of paint, soil, particulate, and dust matrices. Wipe materials were chosen from those which have been found to meet the performance aspects of an ASTM standard specification. UE/ASV experiments were carried out in accordance with newly published ASTM procedures for on-site extraction and electroanalysis. Recoveries were found to vary for different wipe materials and CRMs. For several CRMs, quantitative (80--120%) recoveries for UE/ASV were observed for one wipe material whether filtration was used or not, while other wipe materials required filtration for quantitative recovery. In the case of one wipe material which contained detergents, quantitative recoveries could not be achieved whether filtration was used or not. The total analysis time for a sample set of 6--12 samples was 60--90 min, including extraction time and sample manipulation. The results of this work have provided information on the choice of wipe materials that can be used for quantitative lead measurements by UE/ASV in materials that are representative of sources of lead in surface dust.