机床主轴热设计研究综述

机床的热态性能已成为影响高速机床工作性能的最重要的因素之一。主轴是机床的关键功能部件,其热态特性在很大程度上决定了机床的切削速度和加工精度,是影响机床精度提升的最重要因素。因此,在主轴的设计阶段减少机床热误差的影响,对于提高机床的热态特性十分重要。在过去的近一个世纪时间中,国内外众多学者针对主轴热设计方法开展了研究探索,基于热设计的过程可以分成三部分内容:热态特性分析方法,热设计与优化方法和热态特性试验方法。先通过主轴热态特性(如温度场分布、热变形、热平衡时间等)建模与分析获取必要的参数,然后以此为基础开展主轴结构设计优化、材料设计优化和冷却系统设计等热设计措施,获得较佳的主轴热态特性,最后通过热态特性试验来校验分析和设计优化的结果,整个过程循环直至达到满意结果为止。本文以此为脉络展开,分别探讨了三部分内容的国内外典型研究现状、主要研究内容和所存在的优缺点,并对未来的研究趋势进行了展望。

Review on thermal design of machine tool spindles

The thermal characteristics of machine tools have emerged as one of the most important factors for the performance of high-speed machine tools. The spindle is the key component of machine tools. Thus, the thermal characteristics of the spindle determine the maximum cutting speed and processing accuracy that machine tools can achieve. Controlling the effects of thermal error of machine tools during the spindle design stage is of great importance for improving its thermal characteristics. During the past century, several researchers have focused on studying spindle thermal design methods. There are essentially three parts, namely thermal characteristics analysis, thermal design and optimization, and thermal characteristics tests. First, the necessary parameter is obtained from the modeling and analysis of thermal characteristics such as temperature field distribution, thermal deformation, and thermal balance time. Second, thermal design measures such as spindle structure optimization, material design optimization, and cooling system design are employed to obtain superior spindle thermal characteristics. Finally, the analysis and design optimization results are validated via thermal characteristics tests. The whole process is repeated until satisfactory results are obtained. The status of research in this area is discussed from these three aspects. The advantages and disadvantages are summarized, and future research prospects are discussed in the conclusion.