Thermal camouflaging metamaterials |
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| Affiliation: | 1. State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China;2. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;3. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore;1. Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China;2. Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China;1. Department of Biomass Chemistry and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China;2. National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China;1. School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea;2. Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers University, 98 Brett RD, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;3. Department of Electro-Mechanical Systems Engineering, Korea University, Seochang-ri, Jochiwon-eup, Sejong 339-700, Republic of Korea;1. Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA;2. Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA;3. Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA;4. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA |
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| Abstract: | Thermal camouflage technologies, which aim at blending the infrared (IR) signature of targets into the background to counter the IR detection, have witnessed increasing development. To achieve thermal camouflage, the rule of thumb is to balance the thermal radiation between the target and the background, and the corresponding conductive strategy is to tune the local temperature field while the radiative strategy is to tune the local emissivity. Following these two basic strategies, the thermal metamaterials and wavelength-selective emissivity engineering to achieve thermal camouflage are first introduced. Then the more advanced dynamic strategies are reviewed that can adapt to the varying environment under the external stimuli, like electricity, light, strain, chemical, wetting, temperature, etc. Particularly the phase-changing and bioinspired materials are presented and reviewed. Finally, critical considerations on the challenges and opportunities of next-generation thermal camouflage technologies are elaborated and four future directions are cast, including temperature-responsive emissivity engineering, soft materials, multispectral camouflage, and detection-feedback system. Overall, a detailed introduction to the working principle, the state-of-the-art progress, and the critical thinking on the future development on thermal camouflage technologies are presented. |
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