Futuristic applications of hydrogen in energy,biorefining, aerospace,pharmaceuticals and metallurgy

The increasing world population, as well as demands for energy and industrial commodities, have led to an overall rise in anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Moreover, demands for fossil fuels and petrochemicals are also gradually escalating in the developing and underdeveloped countries to sustain the transportation sector, industrial power generation and commodity chemical production. To address these challenges and to meet the Paris Agreement on climate change, there has been a growing interest in the development of renewable energy resources. Hydrogen is considered a strong candidate for the next-generation energy infrastructures as an energy carrier and vector, as well as a precursor or auxiliary component for several industrial processes. This review outlines current researches and applications of hydrogen in the processing and upgrading of hydrocarbon fuels, fuel cells, platform chemicals synthesis, pharmaceuticals, aerospace and maritime uses, metallurgy and electronics. Besides, applications of hydrogen as a direct fuel, synthesis of liquid hydrocarbons via Fischer-Tropsch process and syngas fermentation to alcohols are also reviewed. The specific utilization of hydrogen in the metallurgical industry is highlighted for metal reduction and in the oxyhydrogen flame for cutting and welding of metals. Besides, the article also describes the use of hydrogen in pharmaceutical industries for drug discovery. Finally, a variety of socio-economic aspects of hydrogen as a renewable fuel is also outlined in this article.