Optimization of equilibrium headspace analysis of volatile flavor compounds of malaysian soursop (Annona muricata): Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS) |
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Authors: | Kok Whye Cheong Chin Ping Tan Hamed Mirhosseini Sung Tong Chin Yaakob B Che Man Nazimah Sheikh Abdul Hamid Azizah Osman Mahiran Basri |
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Affiliation: | 1. Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia;2. School of Applied Sciences, AUT University, 34 St Paul Street, Auckland, New Zealand;3. Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia;4. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia |
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Abstract: | Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled to comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS) was applied for equilibrium headspace analysis of Malaysian soursop (Annona muricata) volatile flavor compounds. A two-level fractional factorial design (25-1) was used to determine the effect of SPME variables, namely, SPME fibers, adsorption temperature, extraction time, amount of salt, sample amount and sample concentration on the extraction efficiency of volatile flavor compounds. A total of 37 volatile compounds were identified, comprising 21 esters, 6 alcohols, 3 terpenes, 2 acids, 2 ketones, 2 aldehydes and an aromatic with different hydrophobicities (log P) ranging between −0.14 and 4.83. Extraction using 10 g of diluted (5% w/w) blended soursop pulp with CAR/PDMS fiber at 25 °C for 30 min and 30% (w/w) of NaCl under stirring mode resulted in the highest extraction efficiency of volatile flavor compounds. The principal component analysis score discriminated the influence of SPME variables on the equilibrium headspace concentration of target volatile compounds. |
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Keywords: | Headspace solid-phase microextraction Two-dimensional gas chromatography Time-of-flight mass spectrometry Equilibrium headspace analysis Soursop |
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