Chemically driven synthesis of Ti3+ self-doped Li4Ti5O12 spinel in molten salt

Surface doping of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ (LTO) with Ti³⁺ ions is an effective way to enhance its electrochemical properties for lithium ion batteries (LIBs). Herein, a molten salt approach was reported to synthesize Ti³⁺ self-doped LTO powder. The reaction mechanism and the role of molten salt for the synthesis have been systemically discussed. Finally, electrochemical performance of the LTO powder was preliminarily evaluated as anode material of LIBs. The molten salt accelerated the mass transportation for the formation of LTO by transferring a solid diffusion to the diffusion of ions in a liquid media. Self-doping of Ti³⁺ ions on the surface of LTO particles was achieved by controlling equilibriums of chemical reactions in the reactor. Electrochemical performance of the LTO powders was effectively promoted by doping Ti³⁺ ions on the surface. The discharge capacity of the Ti³⁺ self-doped LTO powder prepared at 850°C was 171 mAhg^?1, and the capacity dacayed 9.9% after 200 cycles at a rate of 0.5 C.