Fungi and their secondary metabolites in water-damaged indoors after a major flood event in eastern Croatia |
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| Authors: | Daniela Jak?i? Miranda Serti? Domagoj Kifer Sandor Kocsubè Ana Mornar Turk Biljana Nigovi? Bojan ?arkanj Rudolf Krska Michael Sulyok Maja ?egvi? Klari? |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia;2. Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia;3. Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia;4. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary;5. Department of Food Technology, University North, Koprivnica, Croatia;6. Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, UK;7. Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria |
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| Abstract: | In winter and summer of 2016 and 2017, airborne fungi and house dust were collected in indoors of the village Gunja, which had been flooded, and the control village Gornji Stupnik (Croatia) in order to explore variations of fungal indoor levels, particularly Aspergilli section Nidulantes series Versicolores, as well as fungal metabolites in dust. Levels of airborne Aspergilli (Versicolores) were three times as high in winter and summer in Gunja than in the control village, while dustborne isolates were equally present in both locations. Sequencing of the calmodulin gene region revealed that among Aspergilli (Versicolores), A. jensenii and A. creber were dominant and together with A. puulaauensis, A. tennesseensis and A. venenatus produced sterigmatocystin and 5-methoxysterigmatocystin (HPLC coupled with mass spectrometry); A. amoenus, A. fructus, A. griseoaurantiacus, A. pepii, and A. protuberus produced sterigmatocystin but not 5-methoxysterigmatocystin; A. sydowii did not produce any of these toxins. A total of 75 metabolites related to Penicillium (29), Aspergillus (22), Fusarium (10), Alternaria (5), Stachybotrys (2), and other fungi (7) were detected in dust by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The majority of metabolites including sterigmatocystin and 5-methoxysterigmatocystin exhibited a higher prevalence in winter in Gunja. |
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| Keywords: | 5-methoxysterigmatocystin Airborne fungi Aspergillus (Versicolores) fungal metabolites house dust sterigmatocystin |
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