Locating electric vehicle charging stations with service capacity using the improved whale optimization algorithm

This study proposes an Improved Whale Optimization Algorithm (IWOA) that, on the basis of Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) designed by Mirjalili and Lewis (2016), introduces Gaussian mutation operator, differential evolution operator, and crowding degree factor to the algorithm framework. Test results with nine classic examples show that IWOA significantly improves WOA’s precision and computing speed. We also model the locating problem of Electric Vehicle (EV) charging stations with service risk constraints and apply IWOA to solve it. This paper introduces service risk factors, which include the risk of service capacity and user anxiety, establishing the EV charging station site selection model considering service risk. Computational results based on a large-scale problem instance suggest that both the model and the algorithm are effective to apply in practical locating planning projects and help reduce social costs.