''Best clinical practice'': assessment of processes of care and of outcomes in the US Military Health Services System

The functioning of working memory in schizophrenic patients according to Baddeley's model was examined in two complementary experiments. Experiment 1 comprised 27 patients and their controls, matched in age and level of education. Of this pool, 20 pairs participated also in Experiment 2. Digit span, reading rate, and immediate serial recall assessed the functioning of the phonological loop. Corsi and pattern span tasks assessed the capacity of visuo-spatial memory. The central executive's ability to monitor two concurrent tasks was evaluated in a dual task paradigm, and its capacity to control action in a random generation task. A preliminary set of analyses showed that the patients' performances were reduced in all tasks explored, except in digit span. This initial pattern changed consistently after controlling for reading rate. While slow and fast reading patients were comparable in demographic and clinical criteria, slow reading patients showed impaired performance in all tasks, whereas fast reading patients exhibited reduced performance in visuo-spatial tasks and in the random generation task only. The state of functioning of working memory in schizophrenia appears, therefore, to vary consistently among the components of the model and is markedly impaired in slow reading patients. The implications of slowness are discussed.