Multiple promoters direct stimulus and temporal specific expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the somatosensory cortex

Patients operated on for infective endocarditis (n = 69) at two regional hospitals between 1988 and 1994 are reviewed. 70% had a known valvular heart disease and 16% had prosthetic valve endocarditis. In 28% the offending microorganism was Staphylococcus aureus; in 26% Streptococcus viridans. Therapy was intended to be a six-week antibiotic course before operating, but 55% of the patients had to be operated on earlier. The postoperative course was uncomplicated in 59%, mortality was 16% and one-year survival 81%. Increased risk of death was associated with operating before the six-week course of antibiotics was completed (p = 0.005), with preoperative renal failure (p = 0.006) or lung failure (p = 0.008), with the growth of microorganisms from tissue samples extirpated during the operation (p = 0.01), with additional surgical procedures concomitant to valvular replacement (p = 0.02), S. aureus endocarditis (p = 0.03), and with the presence of paravalvular abscesses or intracardial fistulas (p = 0.03). The study shows that infective endocarditis is a serious disease. Wherever clinically feasible, all patients should be given antibiotics for six weeks before evaluating surgery. However, close surveillance of infection and haemodynamics is necessary to allow for the possibility of acute surgery before the development of organ failure. Special attention must be paid to cases of S. aureus endocarditis.