Requirements for binding and signaling of the kinase domain receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor |
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Authors: | G Fuh B Li C Crowley B Cunningham JA Wells |
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Affiliation: | Department of Protein Engineering, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. |
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Abstract: | Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a dimeric hormone that controls much of vascular development through binding and activation of its kinase domain receptor (KDR). We produced analogs of VEGF that show it has two receptor-binding sites which are located near the poles of the dimer and straddle the interface between subunits. Deletion experiments in KDR indicate that of the seven IgG-like domains in the extracellular domain, only domains 2-3 are needed for tight binding of VEGF. Monomeric forms of the extracellular domain of KDR bind approximately 100 times weaker than dimeric forms showing a strong avidity component for binding of VEGF to predimerized forms of the receptor. Based upon these structure-function studies and a mechanism in which receptor dimerization is critical for signaling, we constructed a receptor antagonist in the form of a heterodimer of VEGF that contained one functional and one non-functional site. These studies establish a functional foundation for the design of VEGF analogs, mimics, and antagonists. |
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