The thermal modeling of large axisymmetric forgings

Three thermal models for simulating the heating cycles used for large forgings were developed. They were designed for accuracy, user friendliness, and rapid calculation on a personal computer. The results that are obtained from these models are the temperature profiles that occur within the ingot, forging or roll at various depths from the surface. The values for these temperature versus time curves can be used to examine several features about the heat treatment process. The example presented in this paper showed the effect of heating rate and hold at 704 °C on the surface-to-center temperature difference that occurs in a medium carbon steel ingot.