| Abstract: | This paper explores the use of wooden casks (barrels). It shows the principles of their construction, organization of the cooper industry over time and examples of how barrels facilitated trade and logistical activities throughout the 2000 years in which they were a predominant shipping container form. The paper finds that, although the shape and construction are very different from today's shipping containers, the same design considerations apply. Package shape and weight were designed to promote material handling productivity. The geometry facilitated transport by maximizing cube utilization and tight stowage in ships and wagons. The materials and technology were readily available at low cost. The construction provided protection from handling and transit forces. Trade associations cooperated to set standards for quality control, developed educational programs and worked with governments to regulate standards. Printing identified product and stock keeping units (product and brand). The shelf‐life of food products was extended. The closure permitted easy filling and closing, stayed closed during transit, and facilitated opening and emptying. Containers were widely reused or recycled. The reasons for the end of the barrel era relate to changes in technology, logistics, markets and overall economic activity. The industrial revolution created an increase in demand and stimulated mechanization, resulting in lower quality barrels as well as the development of other substitutes. The trend to paper‐based substitutes was enabled by the invention of the papermaking machine and the process for pulping wood in the 1800s. Rail transport changed the geometry of transport vehicles and enabled mechanical handling practices that favoured the box shape. These innovations enabled a shift in marketing and retailing, ushering in the consumer packaging revolution. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. |
